European Public Law Organization · Institute

Power over Code: keeping digital decisions lawful, accountable and under the control of public institutions.

More and more public decisions are made by digital systems. We help public bodies keep control of those systems and stay accountable for them.

  • Ministries & regulators
  • Technology providers
  • Practitioners & students
  • Civil society & watchdogs
  • TrainFrom a one-week foundations course to a five-day assessed practitioner course
  • AssessOur Digital Public Law Impact Assessment (DPLIA) tests who really controls a system
  • RemedyDesigning and putting fixes in place: draft laws and rules, contract terms, procedures and technical support

Established by decision of the EPLO Executive Committee, 20 August 2026.

Who it's for

Four audiences, three service lines

Ministries, regulators and public administrations

Digital-transformation ministries, data-protection and AI regulators, courts and tribunals, EPLO member-state institutions, and Council of Europe, OECD and EU programme bodies.

  • A DPLIA advisory assessment of one named function
  • Training for civil servants, judges and regulators
  • Drafting support: terms of reference, model instruments, national positions

Why plan now

Benefit eligibility, border and asylum control, law enforcement, justice and elections all fall under Annex III. Obligations apply from 2 December 2027, and existing public-authority systems must comply by 2 August 2030. Assessment, redesign and staff training each take time, so the work is easier to start well before those dates.

How an engagement runs

From finding the gap to closing it

Some clients need only a diagnosis. Others want help with what follows. The three stages can be commissioned separately or together, and your institution takes and owns every decision.

Stage 1 · Diagnose

Map the function and find the gaps

We start from how your function runs today, where delay or error shows up, and what it costs. Then we scope it, map who and what it depends on, and test it against the Six Gates.

Stage 2 · Design

Design the corrective measures

For each finding we propose a remedy: contract clauses, procedural changes, amendments to regulations or internal rules. These are advisory, and you decide what to adopt.

Stage 3 · Implement

Help put them into practice

We draft the texts the remedy needs, train the staff who will operate the corrected arrangement, and provide technical expertise until it runs smoothly.

Most engagements start with one small step with a clear deadline

  • An assessment of one named function
  • A first drafting deliverable
  • An initial call: what doing nothing is costing you
Services

Three service lines

Training, assessment and drafting can be commissioned separately or together.

Line A

Training

Two tiers. Tier 1 is a portfolio of short academic and CPD courses built on a one-week Foundations course. Tier 2 is the assessed DPLIA for AI Systems Practitioner Course.

  • Foundations of Digital Public Law and five specialist courses
  • Tailored versions for judges, civil servants, regulators, identity and IT officials
  • Practitioner Course: five days, or a three-day intensive
Line B

Assessment & audit

Independent assessments and audits of specific public functions, systems and management systems.

  • DPLIA advisory assessment of a defined public function
  • Human rights due diligence and ethical and human rights impact assessment of technologies
  • Readiness reviews and internal audits referencing ISO/IEC 42001 and 27001
  • Readiness reviews and internal audits referencing ISO 9001, 14001 and 45001
  • Privacy and data-protection reviews
  • Compliance validation against legal, regulatory and standards requirements
Line C

Legislative & regulatory drafting

Drafting support grounded in the team's record: terms of reference for Ukraine's Ministry of Digital Transformation and legislative work for the Verkhovna Rada.

  • Terms of reference and feasibility-study drafting
  • Model laws, model regulatory and soft-law instruments
  • Frameworks for regulatory sandboxes
  • National and institutional position papers
  • Dialogue and conveningRound tables and workshops bringing public authorities, business, academia and civil society together on ethics, responsible innovation and human rights.
  • Study programmes and degreesStudy programmes leading to EPLO titles of studies with ECTS credits; master's and doctoral programmes with the European Law and Governance University, EPLO's academic institution.
  • Interns and research fellowsPlacements supporting the Institute's research, training and administration.
Course catalogue

Two tiers, built from the Institute's own textbook and method

Tier 1 courses are drawn from the Power over Code Teaching Textbook and start with the Foundations course. Tier 2 is the assessed practitioner programme.

CourseDurationFor
Tier 1 · Short courses
Foundations of Digital Public Law1 week / 35 hAnyone entering the field; the gateway to every other Tier 1 course
Digital Administration & Justice Practice2 days / 14 hAdministrators, court and tribunal staff, regulators; tailored for judges and civil servants
Digital Identity & Public Infrastructure3 days / 21 hIdentity, procurement and infrastructure specialists
Comparative Digital Governance Clinic3 days / 21 hComparative policy researchers, multilateral and civil-society staff
Digital Democracy & Platform Governance2 days / 14 hElectoral bodies, platform regulators, civil-society participants
Frontier Technologies in Digital Public Law3 days / 21 hTechnologists and IT/security officials
Tier 2 · Assessed practitioner programme
DPLIA for AI Systems: Practitioner Course5 days / 35 hLawyers, judges, regulators, procurement officers, DPOs, auditors and AI-governance staff who will run assessments
DPLIA for AI Systems: Three-Day Intensive3 days / 21 hInstitutions needing a shorter applied introduction; not equivalent to the five-day course
Method

The Digital Public Law Framework and DPLIA

An analytical, soft-law framework that combines the Power over Code standard and the Digital Public Law Impact Assessment (DPLIA).

DigitalPublic Law Functional Scope TestDecides whether DigitalPublic Law applies. Six-Layer GovernanceArchitectureShows where legality andaccountability are kept or lost. Private Actor TestDecides when private involvementin public power triggers scrutiny. ConstitutionalInfrastructureDigital infrastructure that rightsor institutional continuity rely on. Non-Delegable PublicResponsibilityHanding over a task does nothand over responsibility for it. Digital Public LawImpact AssessmentA lifecycle method for anticipatingand governing constitutional risk.
  • Functional Scope TestDecides whether Digital Public Law applies.
  • Six-Layer Governance ArchitectureShows where legality and accountability are kept or lost.
  • Private Actor TestDecides when private involvement in public power triggers scrutiny.
  • Constitutional InfrastructureDigital infrastructure that rights or institutional continuity rely on.
  • Non-Delegable Public ResponsibilityHanding over a task does not hand over responsibility for it.
  • Digital Public Law Impact AssessmentA lifecycle method for anticipating and governing constitutional risk.
The six original concepts of Digital Public Law. The Functional Scope Test decides whether the field applies; the other five organise the analysis once it does.

How an assessment runs

  1. Step 1ScopeFunctional Scope Test: is public authority being exercised?
  2. Step 2Function mapActors, data, vendors and dependencies
  3. Step 3Six GatesThe legal tests, in order
  4. Step 4Causal synthesisHow a defect would travel through the system
  5. Step 5Institutional decisionTaken and owned by the institution
  6. Step 6Lifecycle reviewRe-assessed as the system changes

The Six Gates

  1. Lawful Mandate
  2. Rights-Justified Design
  3. Public Responsibility
  4. Operational Control
  5. Evidence, Review and Remedy
  6. Continuity and Exit

The ten retained capabilities

Non-delegable public responsibility, made testable: capabilities the responsible institution must actually hold, not merely assert.

  • Understand
  • Direct
  • Document
  • Audit
  • Explain
  • Correct
  • Intervene
  • Preserve evidence
  • Continue
  • Exit

Alongside HUDERIA

The Council of Europe's HUDERIA assesses impacts on human rights, democracy and the rule of law. DPLIA adds the constitutional-legality and institutional-control layer and is designed to be used with it.

Alongside ISO/IEC 42001

A management-system audit asks whether an organisation governs its AI well. DPLIA asks whether a public institution keeps lawful control of a specific function. The two answer different questions.

Alongside the AI Act FRIA

An Art. 27 fundamental rights impact assessment is a deployer's own document. DPLIA can sharpen its scope, affected-persons and oversight sections without replacing it.

Evidence base

Grounded in comparative cases

23cases in 19 jurisdictions on six continents

What Volume II covers

Volume II of Digital Public Law and Governance applies the Framework's gates to real public digital systems: welfare and benefit algorithms, digital identity and registries, health-data platforms, contact tracing, content blocking, digital money and outsourced state powers. It keeps two tiers apart: a core set verified against judicial findings, parliamentary inquiries or audits, and a supplementary set checked at a lighter tier. This is comparative evidence, not a claim that the method has been validated.

World map of the 19 jurisdictions examined in Volume II: five core-set and fourteen supplementary-set jurisdictions, with Europe enlarged in an inset. 13410111213141516171819Europe 256789
Core setSupplementary set

Core set

  1. 1CanadaEwert v Canada; IRCC visa analytics
  2. 2NetherlandsSyRI; childcare-benefits enforcement; IAMA
  3. 3United StatesMichigan MiDAS unemployment-fraud system
  4. 4SingaporeTraceTogether contact tracing
  5. 5Estonia2017 eID crisis; Bürokratt assistants

Supplementary set

  1. 6FranceCNAF's DMDE benefit-control algorithm
  2. 7European UnionEU Digital Identity Wallet
  3. 8EnglandNHS Federated Data Platform and Palantir
  4. 9UkraineDiia and Diia.AI
  5. 10JapanProposed DNS blocking of illegal online casinos
  6. 11IndiaAadhaar
  7. 12KazakhstanDigital Code of 2026
  8. 13Saudi ArabiaAbsher “huroob” reports filed by employers
  9. 14KenyaHuduma Namba / NIIMS
  10. 15South AfricaAllpay v SASSA: social-grants contract
  11. 16MoroccoOpen-source National Population Registry
  12. 17AustraliaRobodebt scheme
  13. 18BrazilDrex digital-currency platform
  14. 19ChileSistema Alerta Niñez child-risk index
Working context

Where we work

Ukraine

Operations in Ukraine

The EPLO Office in Ukraine in Kyiv coordinates the Institute's projects and activities in Ukraine.

EPLO ReUnion 2026 · Legrena

Public launch

EPLO Director Professor Spyridon Flogaitis publicly greeted the Director's appointment, and DPLIA was presented at the ReUnion Workshop.

EPLO Office in Ukraine · Kyiv

EPLO's permanent presence in Ukraine

The Office was established under an intergovernmental agreement between the Government of Ukraine and EPLO. It supports legal and public-administration reform: legal education, international projects in public administration, democratic institutions, and the adaptation of national legislation to European standards, as part of Ukraine's recovery.

For the Institute, the Office supports and coordinates the operational side of its work, including activities relating to Ukraine and international projects. It provides administrative and logistical support, and its Head co-chairs the Scientific Council.

Yurii Voloshyn
Professor Yurii VoloshynHead of the EPLO Office in Ukraine; Doctor of Legal Sciences
  1. 2006EPLO opens an office at Mariupol State University
  2. Autumn 2022Ukraine accedes to EPLO's charter; ratified by the Verkhovna Rada
  3. 5 Mar 2025Agreement on the EPLO Office in Ukraine signed in Kyiv
  4. 15 Jul 2025Agreement ratified by the Verkhovna Rada (Law No. 4521-IX)
  5. 20 Aug 2026The Institute is established by the EPLO Executive Committee
Part of the EPLO family

An institute of an international organisation

The Institute is one of EPLO's institutes and works with ELGU, the university founded and operated by EPLO, for degree-level study.

1995
EPLO founded in Athens
21 + 1
Institutes in law and governance: 21 existing, plus this new one
Permanent Observer
at the UN General Assembly
Project Office

Our team

The Project Office runs the Institute's research, programmes and engagements under the Director: it monitors legal and policy developments, prepares publications and training materials, and builds projects and partnerships.

Scientific quality and academic standards are overseen by the Scientific Council.

Europe Athens · Kyiv · AberdeenAsia Phuket · SingaporeOceania Canberra

Andrii Paziuk

Andrii Paziuk

Director

Professor, Dr Jur. Habil. Director of the Institute for Digital Society & Future Public Law. Author of the foundations of Digital Public Law: the Power over Code standard and the DPLIA methodology. ISO/IEC 42001 and 27001 Lead Auditor.

Kyiv · Phuket · Athens
Liliia Oleksiuk

Liliia Oleksiuk

Research Fellow, Legislative Drafting and E-Governance

PhD, Public Administration. Legislative consultant to the Verkhovna Rada Committee on Digital Transformation since 2018. Over 20 years in trust services and cybersecurity.

Kyiv
Tetiana Slabko

Tetiana Slabko

Research Fellow, AI Governance, Data Protection, Ethics of Innovation

Privacy Counsel (Children's Privacy and Online Safety), Wargaming, since 2022. FIP, CIPP/E, CIPM. Nine years as Senior Associate, IP/TMT/Privacy, Arzinger.

Singapore
Jakub Ruzicka

Jakub Ruzicka

Technical Advisor, AI Systems and Emerging Technology

Chief Product and Technology Officer, eyos; founder of littledot (on-device AI). Visiting Professor, National University "Kyiv Aviation Institute", teaching a postgraduate LLM and agentic-systems course. Former security consultant, Deloitte.

Singapore
Valerii Paziuk

Valerii Paziuk

Research and Governance Officer

Research, Policy and Partnerships Administration Officer, Australian Pharmacy Council. Cyber Security Research Assistant, RMIT University. ISO/IEC 42001 and 27001 Lead Auditor.

Canberra
Anna Bohdanets

Anna Bohdanets

Research Fellow, Defence Technologies and Operational Law

PhD Candidate, AI and Cyber Futures Centre, Charles Sturt University. Co-author, "Blockchain-Based Governance for Autonomous Weapon Systems" (IEEE Access, 2025).

Canberra
Yuliia Tlusta

Yuliia Tlusta

Lead Auditor, Management Systems

Lead Auditor for ISO 9001:2015 (quality), ISO 14001:2015 (environment) and ISO 45001:2018 (occupational health and safety).

Kyiv
Andrii Voloshyn

Andrii Voloshyn

Research Assistant

Studying International Relations at the University of Aberdeen, with experience in research, international projects, entrepreneurship and digital business development.

Aberdeen
Publications

The publications behind the method

Cover of Digital Public Law and Governance, Volume I: Principles and Method
Volume IDigital Public Law and Governance: Principles and MethodAndrii Paziuk, Yurii Voloshyn, Anna Bohdanets, Valerii PaziukTheory, principles and the DPLIA methodology
Cover of Digital Public Law and Governance, Volume II: Applications and Case Studies
Volume IIDigital Public Law and Governance: Applications and Case StudiesAndrii Paziuk, Yurii Voloshyn, Anna Bohdanets, Valerii Paziuk23 cases in 19 jurisdictions
Cover of Power over Code: Teaching Textbook
Teaching TextbookPower over Code: Doctrine, Comparative Practice, and the Teaching CurriculumAndrii Paziuk (General Editor), with Yurii Voloshyn, Anna Bohdanets, Valerii PaziukSource of the Tier 1 courses
  • Student Handbook and Course SyllabusTeaching instruments for university and professional programmes.Teaching instruments
  • Digital Public Law FrameworkPower over Code standard and DPLIA methodology.Request a copy
Our symbol

Continuity under new conditions

The Institute's emblem draws on the visual language of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, one of the major prehistoric cultures of southeastern Europe. Its spirals and interconnected geometric forms are the starting point for a contemporary symbol of continuity, transformation and human agency.

The spiral at the centre stands for the continuing evolution of society and its institutions. The forms around it evoke the interconnected environment in which public authority now operates: law, institutions, data, digital infrastructure and technological systems. The enclosing circle is the constitutional order within which these changes must remain governed.

Digital Society
interconnection
Future
movement and transformation
Public Law
the constitutional framework that gives public power its legitimacy and its limits

The emblem also carries the principle of the Institute's Power over Code standard: technology may change the instruments through which public authority is exercised, but public institutions remain responsible for keeping it lawful, accountable, reviewable and under human and constitutional control. The future of public law is a continuation of its foundations, not a break with them.

Under its Regulation, the Institute uses the abbreviated name DSF in all languages, and its emblem and seal carry a reference to EPLO.

The Institute's seal: a Trypillian-style spiral inside a circle, with EPLO above and DSF below
Our values

What we stand for

  • Constitutional powerPublic power rests on law and is limited by it, whether exercised on paper or through code.
  • Accountable codeEvery system that exercises public authority needs an answerable owner, a record, and a way to review and correct it.
  • Human dignityPeople come first: anyone affected by a decision has the right to understand it, challenge it and obtain a remedy.
  1. Public responsibilityPublic institutions remain answerable for the functions they carry out through technology. We help them keep that responsibility, never shed it.
  2. IntegrityWe report what the evidence shows, including findings a client would rather not hear, and say plainly where the evidence runs out.
  3. IndependenceOur conclusions do not depend on who commissions the work. We keep training, advice and assessment separate and disclose any conflict of interest.
  4. TransparencyWe are open about our methods and their limits, and write so that people outside the profession can follow and check our reasoning.
  5. Global PerspectiveWe respect different legal traditions and learn across borders.A value shared across the EPLO family, including the European Law and Governance University.
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Contact

Our offices

Athens · HeadquartersEuropean Public Law Organization2 Polygnotou & Dioskouron St., Plaka
10555 Athens, Greece
Tel. +30 211 311 0671Email info@eplo.int
Kyiv · UkraineEPLO Office in Ukraine3 Yevhena Hutsala Lane, 6th floor
Pecherskyi district, 01011 Kyiv, Ukraine
Email yvoloshyn@eplo.int